Payame Noor UniversityQuarterly Journal of Tethys2476-71905320170401Environmental Impact Assessment of Erbil Dumpsite area - West of Erbil City-Iraqi Kurdistan Region.Environmental Impact Assessment of Erbil Dumpsite area - West of Erbil City-Iraqi Kurdistan Region.1942174570ENJournal Article20180402<span>During the last few years, the concern about the protection of the environment has largely increased due to the contaminants mainly with anthropogenic origin and have affected and continue to threaten human resources especially air quality, surface soil and groundwater. Solid wastes are produced every day in urban societies as a result of human activities and in an attempt to dispose of these materials; man has carelessly polluted the environment. Erbil City has experienced an economic development, intense urbanization and change in consumption patterns that have resulted in an increase of solid waste generation. The study area lies within Erbil plain, about 10 km west of Erbil City, covering about 7km2 and located on a hill conjoined by two drainage valleys. The aim of the study is to provide prediction, detecting possible contamination and highlighting the repercussions of unprotected and uncontrolled waste disposal practices in Erbil dumpsite. The baseline environment has done which describes the existing environmental settings in the study area and is based upon the secondary information collected from the published sources, reconnaissance survey, primary socio-economic survey and environmental monitoring of air, noise, soil, ground water and surface water in the study area. Soil and water samples were collected nearby the Erbil dumpsite to assess the baseline data. The results of water sample analyzed are within the acceptable limits and they are suitable for drinking and irrigation. The results of soil sample analysis show that clays are of loam types with pH of strongly alkaline. The septic tank discharges valley has been contaminating the soil with two zones, the thickness of these zones is about (1.0- 1.5m) and (4m) show the impact of septic tanks to the near subsurface layers by its vicinity to the septic tank discharging valley. On the other hand, no adverse impact on ground water quality is anticipated in the present project. Generally, the Erbil waste dumpsite has negative impact on the geo-environmental parameters, social and cultural views, in addition to the direct impact on the human health and biodiversity. Evidence of lack of adherence to proper landfill structure, operation a management was recorded and recommendations were postulated for rectification. The Environmental Impacts Assessment (EIA) that was undertaking for this project has also postulated mitigate set simple measures. The assessment revealed lack of environmental awareness by public, workers, and personnel, which can be solved through regular environmental training programs.</span>
<span style="color: #041324; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; background-color: #60a1eb;"><br /></span>During the last few years, the concern about the protection of the environment has largely increased due to the contaminants mainly with anthropogenic origin and have affected and continue to threaten human resources especially air quality, surface soil and groundwater. Solid wastes are produced every day in urban societies as a result of human activities and in an attempt to dispose of these materials; man has carelessly polluted the environment. Erbil City has experienced an economic development, intense urbanization and change in consumption patterns that have resulted in an increase of solid waste generation. The study area lies within Erbil plain, about 10 km west of Erbil City, covering about 7km2 and located on a hill conjoined by two drainage valleys. The aim of the study is to provide prediction, detecting possible contamination and highlighting the repercussions of unprotected and uncontrolled waste disposal practices in Erbil dumpsite. The baseline environment has done which describes the existing environmental settings in the study area and is based upon the secondary information collected from the published sources, reconnaissance survey, primary socio-economic survey and environmental monitoring of air, noise, soil, ground water and surface water in the study area. Soil and water samples were collected nearby the Erbil dumpsite to assess the baseline data. The results of water sample analyzed are within the acceptable limits and they are suitable for drinking and irrigation. The results of soil sample analysis show that clays are of loam types with pH of strongly alkaline. The septic tank discharges valley has been contaminating the soil with two zones, the thickness of these zones is about (1.0- 1.5m) and (4m) show the impact of septic tanks to the near subsurface layers by its vicinity to the septic tank discharging valley. On the other hand, no adverse impact on ground water quality is anticipated in the present project. Generally, the Erbil waste dumpsite has negative impact on the geo-environmental parameters, social and cultural views, in addition to the direct impact on the human health and biodiversity. Evidence of lack of adherence to proper landfill structure, operation a management was recorded and recommendations were postulated for rectification. The Environmental Impacts Assessment (EIA) that was undertaking for this project has also postulated mitigate set simple measures. The assessment revealed lack of environmental awareness by public, workers, and personnel, which can be solved through regular environmental training programs.Payame Noor UniversityQuarterly Journal of Tethys2476-71905320170401Indus-Yarlung-Tsangpo Suture Zone Concept- A Second OpinionIndus-Yarlung-Tsangpo Suture Zone Concept- A Second Opinion2182394571ENJournal Article20180402It is believed that Greater India migrated from the southern hemisphere, collided with Gondwanaland, Angaraland and Cathaysia, thereby closing an intervening oceanic Tethys along the Indus-Yarlung-Tsangpo Suture Zone (IYTSZ).The suture zone is placed along the Chaman Fault in the Baluchistan-Afghanistan area in the west, and the Indus-Yarlung-Tsangpo in the north, whereas along the east from Thailand to the western Myanmar, identified as different features almost arbitrarily by various authors. However, the Chaman Fault shows younging southward with a number of breaks in the Baluchistan region and abruptly stops short of the coast, taking a sharp turn to the west. More important, the Indus- Yarlung-Tsangpo Suture Zone terminates at Rinbun to the west-southwest of Lhasa, and passes into Jurassic slates/ granites. The extensive Permo-Carboniferous fluvio-glacial deposits and the presence of Gondwana flora and fauna on either side of the Indus-Yarlung-Tsangpo suture suggest continental continuity from Peninsular India to northern Tibet in the Paleozoic. There was also a continuity of climatic zones from the Indian to the Tibetan side of the platform, atleast from Proterozoic to the Quaternary period. The presence of Triassic Gondwana vertebrates in China, Indochina, Mongolia, and Siberia supports free two-way land routes between India and aforesaid landmasses even in Mesozoic. Therefore, various geological arguments based on observed field data do not support the existence of Indus-Yarlung-Tsangpo Suture Zone as a suture zone of modern plate tectonic concept. Instead, it is better explained as a rift valley formed more than 100 Ma prior to supposed collision because the ophiolite emplacements confined to the north and south by steeply dipping faults.It is believed that Greater India migrated from the southern hemisphere, collided with Gondwanaland, Angaraland and Cathaysia, thereby closing an intervening oceanic Tethys along the Indus-Yarlung-Tsangpo Suture Zone (IYTSZ).The suture zone is placed along the Chaman Fault in the Baluchistan-Afghanistan area in the west, and the Indus-Yarlung-Tsangpo in the north, whereas along the east from Thailand to the western Myanmar, identified as different features almost arbitrarily by various authors. However, the Chaman Fault shows younging southward with a number of breaks in the Baluchistan region and abruptly stops short of the coast, taking a sharp turn to the west. More important, the Indus- Yarlung-Tsangpo Suture Zone terminates at Rinbun to the west-southwest of Lhasa, and passes into Jurassic slates/ granites. The extensive Permo-Carboniferous fluvio-glacial deposits and the presence of Gondwana flora and fauna on either side of the Indus-Yarlung-Tsangpo suture suggest continental continuity from Peninsular India to northern Tibet in the Paleozoic. There was also a continuity of climatic zones from the Indian to the Tibetan side of the platform, atleast from Proterozoic to the Quaternary period. The presence of Triassic Gondwana vertebrates in China, Indochina, Mongolia, and Siberia supports free two-way land routes between India and aforesaid landmasses even in Mesozoic. Therefore, various geological arguments based on observed field data do not support the existence of Indus-Yarlung-Tsangpo Suture Zone as a suture zone of modern plate tectonic concept. Instead, it is better explained as a rift valley formed more than 100 Ma prior to supposed collision because the ophiolite emplacements confined to the north and south by steeply dipping faults.Payame Noor UniversityQuarterly Journal of Tethys2476-71905320170901In the Case of Maden Complex, Geochemical Constraints on the Origin and Tectonic Implication of Eocene Magmatism in SE TurkeyIn the Case of Maden Complex, Geochemical Constraints on the Origin and Tectonic Implication of Eocene Magmatism in SE Turkey2402634704ENJournal Article20180605The origin and geodynamic setting of the Maden Complex, which is situated in the Bitlis–Zagros Suture Zone in the Southeast Anatolian Orogenic Belt, is still controversial due to lack of systematic geological and geochemical data. Here we present new whole rock major–trace–rare earth element data from the Middle Eocene volcanic rocks exposed in Maden Complex and discuss their origin in the light of new and old data. The volcanic lithologies are represented mainly by basalt and andesite, and subordinately dacite that vary from low–K tholeiitic, calc–alkaline, high–K calc–alkaline, and shoshonitic in composition. They exhibit enrichments in large ion lithophile and light rare earth elements, with depletions in high field strength elements. These geochemical characteristics indicate that two end–members, a subduction–related mantle source and a continental crust, were involved in the magma genesis. Considering all geological and geochemical data, we suggest that the Middle Eocene Maden magmatism occurred as a post–collisional product by asthenospheric upwelling owing to convective removal of the lithosphere during an extensional collapse of the Southeast Anatolian ranges.The origin and geodynamic setting of the Maden Complex, which is situated in the Bitlis–Zagros Suture Zone in the Southeast Anatolian Orogenic Belt, is still controversial due to lack of systematic geological and geochemical data. Here we present new whole rock major–trace–rare earth element data from the Middle Eocene volcanic rocks exposed in Maden Complex and discuss their origin in the light of new and old data. The volcanic lithologies are represented mainly by basalt and andesite, and subordinately dacite that vary from low–K tholeiitic, calc–alkaline, high–K calc–alkaline, and shoshonitic in composition. They exhibit enrichments in large ion lithophile and light rare earth elements, with depletions in high field strength elements. These geochemical characteristics indicate that two end–members, a subduction–related mantle source and a continental crust, were involved in the magma genesis. Considering all geological and geochemical data, we suggest that the Middle Eocene Maden magmatism occurred as a post–collisional product by asthenospheric upwelling owing to convective removal of the lithosphere during an extensional collapse of the Southeast Anatolian ranges.Payame Noor UniversityQuarterly Journal of Tethys2476-71905320170901Application of the concentration- area method to separate induced polarization anomalies data against classical statistics: A case study of Hamyj Porphyry Copper Deposit; IranApplication of the concentration- area method to separate induced polarization anomalies data against classical statistics: A case study of Hamyj Porphyry Copper Deposit; Iran2642714705ENJournal Article20180607Payame Noor UniversityQuarterly Journal of Tethys2476-71905320170901Paleontology, paleogeography and Paleoenvironment of the Paleocene benthic foraminiferal species of Plummer in the Tethys; a reviewPaleontology, paleogeography and Paleoenvironment of the Paleocene benthic foraminiferal species of Plummer in the Tethys; a review2722964737ENJournal Article20180617Forty two Paleocene benthic foraminiferal species of the Midway Formation in the Gulf Coastal Plain of Texas, USA were firstly investigated by Plummer (1927), and its paleogeographic distribution in some other countries in the Tethyan province were recorded: North America (USA, Mexico), South America (Argentina), Europe (North Sea Basin, Spain, France, Italy, Czech Republic, Bulgaria), North Africa (Tunisia, Libya, Egypt), West Africa (Ivory Coast, Gulf of Guinea), West Asia (Turkey, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Iran), Central Asia (Pakistan) and East Asia (Japan and New Zealand). Eight out of Plummer's new species (about 19%) seems to be confined in USA, eight species (about 19 %) are recorded in South America, while twenty two species (about 52%) in Europe, twenty eight species (about 67%) in North Africa, seventeen species (about 40%) in West Asia, seven species (about 17%) in Pakistan, three species (about 7%) in West Africa, two species (about 5%) in New Zealand and one Plummer's species is recorded in Japan, East Asia. The Tethyan continental shelf fauna (Midway-Type Fauna , MTF) of middle-outer neritic environment (~50-200 m) is interpreted for the Midway Formation. As a token of appreciation of her outstanding career and faunal contributions, she has recognized in several instances with a dedication taxa bearing Plummer name, and one new species of them was erected by the present author: <em>Citharina plummerae</em> Anan (2001) from the Paleocene of Duwi section, Red Sea coast, Egypt. The paleontology, paleoecology and stratigraphy of the Plummer's species are presented and discussed.Forty two Paleocene benthic foraminiferal species of the Midway Formation in the Gulf Coastal Plain of Texas, USA were firstly investigated by Plummer (1927), and its paleogeographic distribution in some other countries in the Tethyan province were recorded: North America (USA, Mexico), South America (Argentina), Europe (North Sea Basin, Spain, France, Italy, Czech Republic, Bulgaria), North Africa (Tunisia, Libya, Egypt), West Africa (Ivory Coast, Gulf of Guinea), West Asia (Turkey, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Iran), Central Asia (Pakistan) and East Asia (Japan and New Zealand). Eight out of Plummer's new species (about 19%) seems to be confined in USA, eight species (about 19 %) are recorded in South America, while twenty two species (about 52%) in Europe, twenty eight species (about 67%) in North Africa, seventeen species (about 40%) in West Asia, seven species (about 17%) in Pakistan, three species (about 7%) in West Africa, two species (about 5%) in New Zealand and one Plummer's species is recorded in Japan, East Asia. The Tethyan continental shelf fauna (Midway-Type Fauna , MTF) of middle-outer neritic environment (~50-200 m) is interpreted for the Midway Formation. As a token of appreciation of her outstanding career and faunal contributions, she has recognized in several instances with a dedication taxa bearing Plummer name, and one new species of them was erected by the present author: <em>Citharina plummerae</em> Anan (2001) from the Paleocene of Duwi section, Red Sea coast, Egypt. The paleontology, paleoecology and stratigraphy of the Plummer's species are presented and discussed.Payame Noor UniversityQuarterly Journal of Tethys2476-71905320170901Fluid Inclusion Studies on Quartz Veinlets at the Yeylagh-e-Gharechi Porphyry Copper Deposit, Arasbaran Metallogenic Belt, Northwestern IranFluid Inclusion Studies on Quartz Veinlets at the Yeylagh-e-Gharechi Porphyry Copper Deposit, Arasbaran Metallogenic Belt, Northwestern Iran2973124800ENJournal Article20180709Yeylagh-e-Gharechi porphyry copper deposit is located in the Arasbaran metallogenic belt at northwestern Iran, 25 kilometer of Ahar. Porphyry mineralization at the Yeylagh-e-Gharechi deposit occurred in post-Oligocene quartz monzonite and monzonite bodies which was hosted by Eocene volcanic rocks. Mineralization occurred as veins, veinlets and dissemination in hypogene zone. Supergene zone has been demolished by erosion agents. Four types of quartz veinlets are recognized based on mineralogy and relative temporal relationship .distinguished during the study of the deposit. Fluid inclusion studies on fluids trapped in quartz type I (potassic zone) vein and veinlets which were taken from drill core samples indicated a wide range of homogenization temperature in the veinlets from 190<sup>o</sup> to 520<sup>o</sup> with salinity of 20-60 wt% NaCl equivalent. Mineralizing fluids density at the deposit was 0.8-1.2 g/cm<sup>3</sup>. Fluid inclusion studies suggested that Yeylagh-e-Gharechi deposit is probably a porphyry copper deposit. This deposit has many similarity with other copper-gold porphyry deposit in Iran such as Sar Cheshmeh.Yeylagh-e-Gharechi porphyry copper deposit is located in the Arasbaran metallogenic belt at northwestern Iran, 25 kilometer of Ahar. Porphyry mineralization at the Yeylagh-e-Gharechi deposit occurred in post-Oligocene quartz monzonite and monzonite bodies which was hosted by Eocene volcanic rocks. Mineralization occurred as veins, veinlets and dissemination in hypogene zone. Supergene zone has been demolished by erosion agents. Four types of quartz veinlets are recognized based on mineralogy and relative temporal relationship .distinguished during the study of the deposit. Fluid inclusion studies on fluids trapped in quartz type I (potassic zone) vein and veinlets which were taken from drill core samples indicated a wide range of homogenization temperature in the veinlets from 190<sup>o</sup> to 520<sup>o</sup> with salinity of 20-60 wt% NaCl equivalent. Mineralizing fluids density at the deposit was 0.8-1.2 g/cm<sup>3</sup>. Fluid inclusion studies suggested that Yeylagh-e-Gharechi deposit is probably a porphyry copper deposit. This deposit has many similarity with other copper-gold porphyry deposit in Iran such as Sar Cheshmeh.Payame Noor UniversityQuarterly Journal of Tethys2476-71905320170901Comparison of Liquefaction Potential Evaluation based on SPT and Energy methods in Tabriz metro line 2Comparison of Liquefaction Potential Evaluation based on SPT and Energy methods in Tabriz metro line 23133264806ENJournal Article20180714One of the important problems in earthquake geotechnical engineering is liquefaction phenomenon that happens in loose saturated granular soils. This phenomenon can cause great damages to underground structures and buildings and lifelines. Liquefaction resistance of soils can be evaluated by experimental and field tests. The use of energy is a logical step in the evaluation of liquefaction assessment methods. Main ideas this method is included: firstly effect of different parameters in liquefaction potential of soils be determined. Secondly, reliability of results as an affecting parameters in engineering decisions obtained. In this research results of two liquefaction potential methods based on standard penetration test (SPT) and energy were compared. Case study area is Tabriz Metro Line 2 with 22km length and 54 boreholes was collected. With considering type of soils and ground-water table level liquefaction potential evaluated. Then, liquefaction potential index (LPI) assessed. Results of this study showed that there is no suitable accordance between two processes. Moreover, energy method proposed higher liquefaction potential hazard than SPT. Major Factor affecting in un matching can be explained such as distance of Tabriz Metro Line 2 to Tabriz north fault, epicenter position and assumption of correction factors in SPT method.One of the important problems in earthquake geotechnical engineering is liquefaction phenomenon that happens in loose saturated granular soils. This phenomenon can cause great damages to underground structures and buildings and lifelines. Liquefaction resistance of soils can be evaluated by experimental and field tests. The use of energy is a logical step in the evaluation of liquefaction assessment methods. Main ideas this method is included: firstly effect of different parameters in liquefaction potential of soils be determined. Secondly, reliability of results as an affecting parameters in engineering decisions obtained. In this research results of two liquefaction potential methods based on standard penetration test (SPT) and energy were compared. Case study area is Tabriz Metro Line 2 with 22km length and 54 boreholes was collected. With considering type of soils and ground-water table level liquefaction potential evaluated. Then, liquefaction potential index (LPI) assessed. Results of this study showed that there is no suitable accordance between two processes. Moreover, energy method proposed higher liquefaction potential hazard than SPT. Major Factor affecting in un matching can be explained such as distance of Tabriz Metro Line 2 to Tabriz north fault, epicenter position and assumption of correction factors in SPT method.